Gross Domestic Product (GPD) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2401 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Did you like this example? Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined by John (1999) as the total market value of all the final goods and services produced within a nations borders in a given time period. Each goods and services produced and brought in the market has a price.  The price of the total output is called as GDP.  It can be measured by either cumulating all the income earned in the economy or all the spending in the economy and both measures should roughly equate to the same total.  Real GDP is the total GDP has been adjusted to remove the effects of inflation.  This allows one to compare GDP figures and changes from one country to another other time and thus evaluates what a countrys economy is actually worth in terms of particular years product prices. In nowadays, real GDP is widely used by policymakers, economists, international agencies and the media as the primary scorecard of a nations economic health and well-being.  People believe that the standard of living is close ly tied to the real GDP.  This generally signifies that the economy is wealthier and producing more, individuals are better off, and that living standards are higher.  However, people more recently argue that real GDP in certain circumstances could not fully represent peoples standard of living.  In this essay, I am going to examine the extents in detail by analyzing the real GDP from different perspectives.  However, the essay will mainly address the limitation of real GDP to show that real GDP could not represent the correct value of the economy; therefore it may not adequately measure the standard of living. Real GDP only includes the total domestic production of an economy and the output of some goods and services are unrecorded, which in the long run results understate the total real GDP.  We can view this problem from national and international perspective.  First, we look at the national level.  In a country, items which are not made to sell in market are exc luded from the real GDP as there is no money exchange in hands.  For in stance, someone plants vegetable for himself and does not take the vegetable to market, the value of the vegetable is not included in the real GDP.  However, if this person sells the vegetable in the market, the value of the vegetable adds to real GDP.  Another situation is black market.  Many self-employed people normally undertaken their job privately, therefore they are usually paid by cash.  If they dont declare their income for tax purpose, then this type of income is excluding from real GDP as well.  Consequently, real GDP may even not be able to reflect the correct value of a countrys economy as a whole from national perspective.  It is hard to say it could adequately measure the standard of living. From the international perspective, real GDP measure the output of the home economy of a country and thus excludes over-seas enterprises that may be taking place. In a world which is increasin gly globalising and in which Trans-National countries are becoming increasingly important, this can be significant in some cases. For example Japan has many over-seas enterprises; particularly car-factories which often locate in the EU to produce cars for the EU there at a lower cost inside tax barriers imposed by the EU. However, these companies act somewhat as a drain to these EU economies and a boon to the Japanese economy as they send back considerable profits made to Japan to be used in further investment rather than directing money earned into the economy where the factory is located. In effect, consumer spending in the EU countries is still sent to the firms as expenditure for their services, but it is Japanese firms that the money is being sent to: it is foreign spending boosting the Japanese companies and thus indirectly their economy. These external monies earned over-seas are excluded from Japans total real GDP figures as they are not domestic output, but this over-seas o utput is still a significant output by Japanese companies which earns monies for usage in Japan. In this situation, the external monies excluded from real GDP may lead the real GDP of Japan relatively lower than it should have been and as a result the standard of living in Japan should also have been reasonable lower than it should have been.  However, in the practice, the living standard of Japan is still high in the world.  This is because although overseas earning is excluded from Japans real GDP, the profit brought from overseas to Japan could help Japan to boost its economy.  Thus the economy gets wealthier; the standard of living gets higher.  People may argue that the standard of living in Japan is high because its real GDP has always been high.  Whilst it is true that real GDP of Japan is always high in the world, we should not ignore that with the overseas output added to Japans real GDP may result even higher real GDP but same standard of living.  It gives u s a logical conclusion that a country with its most income from overseas entities may result a pretty lower real GPD but good standard of living. Consequently, real GDP could not adequately measure the standard of living from international perspective. GDP is only focus on a nations production, but the production may be a poor indicator of peoples standard of living.  It is because production does not equal to consumptions.  Production only provides basis for people to consume, but the right to consume is held by the people in the country.  If GDP rises as a result of an increase in investment, this will not lead to a rise in current standard of living.  It will, we only can say it helps to raise the future consumption.  If production increases, this may be due to technological advance.  However, if the increase is as a result of people having to work harder or longer hours; its net benefit will be less.  This is because although the real GDP is raised as a result o f increase in production, people are living more stressed and tired which is not improving the living standard but make its worse. Furthermore, real GDP figures can be misleading, for example, a growing economy may have rising production levels but also may have a large or growing population which works against any positive effect on the standards of living.  The most specific case is China.  China has one of the fastest growing economies, with average 7% GDP growth for 11 years in the world.  Chinas real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2002 was more than eight times that of 1978, the year when Deng Xiaoping launched the countrys economic reform program. Its real GDP growth, which has averaged 10% per year during 1980 2001, had slowed to a range of 7 8 % per year during 1998 2002 (IMF Survey 2003).  Standards and Poors DRI, a private international forecasting firm, projects Chinas GDP to grow at an average annual rate of 7% over the next 15 years (Morrison 2000). Al though China has a rapid growth GDP, China remains a poor country in peoples standard of living.  The Chinese leadership faces profound challenges as it seeks to sustain rapid economic growth and deliver rising living standards to its population. It must further cut tariff levels and eliminate non tariff barriers in order to meet WTO requirement. This opens up the economy to even more foreign competitions and stimulates structural changes that will add to the unemployment which at 2003 stood at 170 million (Wolf 2003). Apart from the unemployment issue, Chinas leadership must grapple with income inequality, which is increasing on virtually every identifiable dimension. Both unemployment and income inequality could trigger social unrest.  This is because China has the largest population in the world and it is really difficult to make everybody rich at the same time with little money.  Following the economy growth in china, many people have improved their standard of living but a lot people are still living poorly.  The income inequity has made people live very differently in China and this could cost problem for the society as a whole.  For instance, the poor people could commit crime like stealing, robbery, in order to cope with their life.  Consequently, the growth of real GDP did not lead the improving of standard of living for the society as a whole. In another words, GDP sometimes could not fully represent the standard of living. Moreover, the standard of living of country is always affected by the government policies, which have little relation to its real GDP.  For instance, several countries have a high real GDP but are ranked comparatively lower down on the Human Development Index published by the UNDP. This is because although the governments have the funds, they are not utilizing them on improvement in the living standards. This is mainly noticed in the sub Saharan and Middle Eastern countries like Botswana, U.A.E, Qatar, Saudi Arabi a, Iran, and Equatorial Guinea and so on. On the other hand, many countries are following a free market policy today, which means minimum government intervention. In this kind of an economy, foreign investment increases and there is a greater flow of goods into the country.  Some economists believe that when there is more investment and money is flowing into the economy leading to development there is bound to be an increase in the income of the entire nation, thus increase in the real GDP and leading to better standards of living.  However, although there is an increase in real GDP, the rich get to cash in on the opportunities while the poor get even more impoverished. A large disparity in wealth can be observed in these nations, and although economy has increased phenomenally, living standards continue to remain disastrous.  An example can be taken by Thailand. Next, real GDP only evaluate the standard of living in the monetary term, which ignore the factors which are also important for people in the standard of living, such as environment.  In view of the fact of the industrial revolution, world wide economic growth has been mostly based on the high consumption of natural resources and energy. This model contributed to the heavy cost of high consumption, low benefits and serious pollution. Although the increase of real GDP result the growth of economy of a country, the industry developed speedily and caused serious pollution to the environment, which was demonstrated by a series of environmental pollution incidents shocking the world.  Development of resources, energy demand and the pollution that results have seriously reduced the amount and quality of natural communities of plants and animals all over the World. They have also led to a process of atmospheric warming which now causes a threat of climate change. Some people argue that Pollution has to be stopped at source. Economic growth has to be limited and the health and safety of the pl anet must become the main criteria in political and social development to maintain the quality of life which can be improved for all groups on the planet.  In this situation, the growth of real GDP does not lead the increase in the standard of living.  Quite oppositely, the more growth in real GDP, the terribly the environment get polluted and the worse the quality of the peoples life is. Another, real GDP ignores the distribution of income.  If some people gain and others lose, we cannot say that there has been an increase in standard of living.  Typical example is china.  Following the fast growth of economy, a lot people grow very rich while others are left behind.  In average, china still poor in living standard.  In addition, employment is an important factor in evaluating living standard. Suppose everybody in a country is employed, then there would not be anybody leaving behind.  A country with pretty high real GDP does not mean everybody is employed because the higher real GDP may be due to investment in road, office and etc, which is irrelevant to employment.  In another words, the percentage the labour that could distribute from national income is an indicator to determine whether people in this country is rich enough to cope with their living.  The more the labour is distributed from the national income, the more people get employed and the higher the living standard could be.  In contract, the less the labour gets distributed from national income, the less people get employed and the poor the people might be.  Consequently, the figure of real GDP does not decide the standard of living; the percentage of labour distributed to national income which is related to the total real GDP is the indicator. In conclusion, it can be clearly seen that real GDP can not always adequately measure the standard of living of a nation from various perspectives. Firstly, Real GDP only includes the total domestic production of an economy thu s understates the wealth of economy.  Therefore real GDP could not show the full position of a countrys economy, thus it is difficult to measure the standard of living.  Secondly, real GDP ignore the income distribution.  A country with higher real GDP may still present poor living standard because the situation that some people get richer but others get poorer does not show a high standard of living.  Thirdly, real GDP only evaluate the standard of living in the monetary term, which ignores the factors which are also important for people in the standard of living, such as environment.  A countrys higher real GDP is based on the cost of environment could not indicate a good standard of living.  Fourthly, the growth of real GDP does not always lead to improvement in living standards. All countries must place emphasis on balanced and sustainable development that also takes into account human needs centered development. Although the growth of real GDP is very important to e very country, we should not ignore the peoples living standard.  All in all, real GDP could not adequately measure the standard of living in circumstances. Reference IMF Survey, (2003), A tale of two giants: India China, vol. 32, no: 21 22, December 15, Available: https://www.imf.org/imfsurvey, (Accessed: 2004, June 11). John, S. (1999),  Macroeconomics, Prentice Hall Australia. Morrison, W.M. (2000), Chinas Economic Conditions, Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Division, Available: https://www.ncseonline.org, (Accessed: 2004, May 20). Wolf, C. (2003), Eight threats to Chinas economic miracle, South China Morning Post, August 7, Available: https://www.rand.org.html, (Accessed: 2004, May 20). exceptionally low base, Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gross Domestic Product (GPD)" essay for you Create order

To Live in a Vermin’s World A Marxist View of Kafka’s...

To Live in a Vermin’s World: A Marxist View of Kafka’s The Metamorphosis One of the honors for ‘greatest theories’ in contemporary civilization has to be awarded to Marxism. Invented in late 19th century by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Marxism has had great influences on the development of modern society. Despite its eventual failure, Marxism once led to numerous revolutions that working classes raised against the ruling parties in different countries. Consequently, it paved the way for the erection of the Berlin Wall, the formation of the Warsaw Treaties—communist camp confronting NATO, and the establishment of a world super power, the Soviet Union at the dawn of this century. Even decades later, after all those Marxist milestones†¦show more content†¦From the Marxist view, the process of the metamorphosis symbolizes the class struggle of the proletariat to break out of a life of being exploited. Such representation is displayed in the similarity between the causes, natures, and endings of Gregor’s transformation an d those of proletarian struggles. Realistically, it is impossible for men to turn into bugs; thus, Gregor’s metamorphosis has some concrete meaning beyond simply a biological transformation. Applying Marxist theories, the process of the metamorphosis represents the struggle proletarians raise against the controlling bourgeoisie class. Firstly, Gregor is in the right social position for such a struggle to take place. Gregor and his family are proletarians whereas his boss is a typical bourgeois. In the main guide of communism, â€Å"The Manifesto of the Communist Party,† Marx defines the proletariat as including all people who possess no assets and live only on salaries (Marx 128). Gregor, accordingly, belongs to this class for he has no business of his own but is leading a life of working for others (Kafka 4). Similarly, such classification into the proletariat is true for all other family members who do not even work. By contrast, the boss of the company that Gregor works for owns the capital and is, h ence, seated in the social upper class—the bourgeoisie. According to Marxist theory, Gregor’s family and the boss are in the two opposite classes. Now that Gregor is a proletarian, his situation conforms

The Forbidden Game The Hunter Chapter 3 Free Essays

string(27) " and looked at her mother\." God-the box, Jenny thought. Michael was the sort who would potter around the room reading your mail and opening your drawers in an absentminded way. Insatiably curious. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now She followed him. Her stomach knotted at the sight of it, pristine and rectangular and gleaming on her mother’s solid ponderosa pine coffee table. Jenny’s mother had worked very hard with a very expensive decorator to make sure the living room looked â€Å"natural and inevitable and not at all arty.† There were Navajo weavings and Hopi baskets on the walls, Zuni pots on the floor, and a Chimayo rug above the fireplace. Jenny wasn’t allowed to touch any of them. Calm down, she told herself. But even approaching the white box was strangely difficult. She picked it up and realized that her palms were sweaty enough to stick to it. Thrummm. The current tingled through her fingers. The feeling of something wrong increased. Oh, hell! I’ll just throw the thing away, Jenny thought, surprised at the relief the idea brought. We’ll play canasta. Michael, munching spring rolls, was eyeing her with interest. â€Å"What’s that? A present?† â€Å"No-just a game I bought, but I’m going to get rid of it. Michael, do you know how to play canasta?† â€Å"Nope. So where’s the sun bunny?† â€Å"Not here yet-oh, that’s probably her. Would you get the door?† Michael just looked vaguely at the plate in his one hand and the roll in his other. Jenny ran to the hallway, still holding the box. Summer Parker-Pearson was tiny, with thistledown hair and dimples you wanted to poke your fingers into. She was wearing a china blue shirtdress and shivering. â€Å"It’s freezing out here. How’re we going to go swimming, Jenny?† â€Å"We’re not,† Jenny said gently. â€Å"Oh. Then why did I bring my bathing suit? Here’s my present.† She piled a shirt box wrapped in maroon paper on top of the white box Jenny was holding, added a small tote bag to the stack, and headed for the living room. Jenny followed, put all the things on the coffee table, then pulled the white box from beneath them. Thrum. Summer was saying hello to Mike and Zach and Dee. â€Å"Look,† Jenny said, â€Å"if you guys will excuse me for a second-† She was cut off by the doorbell. This time she didn’t want anybody else to answer it. â€Å"I’ll get it.† Tom was on the doorstep. He looked good. Of course, he always looked good to Jenny, but tonight he was especially handsome, really devilishly good-looking, with his dark brown hair neat and short and his smile faintly mocking. Tom wore simple clothes like other guys, but somehow he wore them differently. He could make a pair of Basic Jeans look as if they’d been tailored for him. Tonight he was wearing a teal T-shirt under a button-down shirt that was simply a beautiful blue, an intense color that reminded Jenny of something. â€Å"Hi,† Jenny said. He grinned rakishly and held out an arm to her. Jenny went willingly, as always, but she hung on to the box. â€Å"Tom, there’s something I want to talk to you about, alone. It’s hard to explain-â€Å" â€Å"Oh, no, I’m getting ‘Dear Johnned’ on my birthday,† he said loudly, arm still around her, leading her down the hallway to the living room. â€Å"Quit it,† Jenny said, exasperated. â€Å"Can you please be serious for a minute?† Tom was clearly in no mood to be serious. He waltzed her into the living room, where everyone but Audrey was sitting around laughing and talking. He ignored her protests, which were growing fainter anyway. Tom always made Jenny feel better, and it was hard to stay worried with him around. All her fears of shadows and thrumming boxes seemed faraway and childish. Still, she felt a prickle of unease as he took the box from her, asking, â€Å"What’s this? For me?† â€Å"It’s a game,† Michael said, â€Å"about which Jenny’s being very mysterious. She can’t let go of it, apparently.† â€Å"I understand why,† Tom said as he shook the box to hear the rattle. Jenny looked at him sharply. He didn’t seem to be joking, or at least no more than usual, but how could you say that about a blank white box? Why should Tom look so deeply intrigued by it, shifting it in his hands eagerly? There is something about it, Jenny thought, opening her mouth to speak. But just then her mother came in from the back of the house, fastening an earring and wafting perfume. Jenny shut her mouth again. Mrs. Thornton had been blond like Jenny when she was young, but over the years her hair had darkened to a golden brown, honey-in-shadow tone. She smiled at everyone and said happy birthday to Tom. â€Å"Now, let me see,† she said to Jenny, â€Å"Joey’s out of the way at the Stensons’, and we’ll be back late Sunday, so everything should be ready for you.† Then, as Jenny’s father appeared behind her with a small suitcase, she added earnestly, â€Å"Dear one, I know you’re going to break something. Just don’t let it be the R. C. Gorman vase, all right? It cost fifteen hundred dollars, and your father is deeply attached to it. Otherwise, clean up whatever you destroy and try to keep the roof on.† â€Å"If it comes off, we’ll nail it back,† Jenny promised, then kissed her mother’s smooth Shalimar-scented cheek without embarrassment. â€Å"Krazy Glue in the kitchen drawer,† Jenny’s father muttered in her ear as she kissed him in turn. â€Å"But watch out for the R. C. Gorman vase. Your mother would die.† â€Å"We won’t go near it,† Jenny said. â€Å"And no †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her father made a vague fiddling gesture with one hand. He was looking at Tom in a way that Jenny thought was what people meant when they said askance. He’d taken to looking like that at Tom lately. â€Å"Daddy!† â€Å"You know what I mean. Only the girls are staying the night, right?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"Right.† Her father pushed his wire-framed glasses higher on his nose, squared his shoulders, and looked at her mother. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 3" in category "Essay examples" They both glanced around the living room one last time-as if to remember it-and then, like a pair of fatalistic soldiers, they turned and marched out the door. â€Å"Don’t have much faith in us, do they?† Michael said, looking after them. â€Å"It’s the first time I’ve had a party while they’ve been away for the weekend,† said Jenny. â€Å"That they know about,† she added thoughtfully. When she looked back, Tom had the box open. â€Å"Oh-† Jenny said. And that was all she said. Because Tom was lifting out sheets of thick, glossy tagboard, printed in colors so vibrant they glowed. Jenny saw doors and windows, a porch, a turret. Shingles. â€Å"It’s a dollhouse,† said Summer. â€Å"No, I mean one of those paper thingies, like you get in the big flat books and cut out. A paper house.† Not a game, Jenny thought. And not dangerous. Just a kids’ toy. She felt a wave of relaxation soften her, and when Audrey called from the kitchen that the food was ready, she went almost dreamily. Tom was suitably surprised and impressed at the Chinese dinner, and the fact that Audrey was responsible for it. â€Å"You can cook!† â€Å"Of course I can cook. Why is it that everyone assumes I’m a mere social ornament?† She looked at him from under spiky lashes and smiled. Tom smiled back, maintaining eye contact. Audrey kept flirting as she served him, smiling up at him, allowing her fingers to touch his as she handed him a plate. But when he moved away, she slanted a grim, significant glance at Jenny. You see? that glance said. Jenny returned the look benevolently. Tom was always nice to other girls, and it didn’t bother her. It didn’t mean anything. She was feeling very pleased with the world as they all filled their plates and went back to the living room. There was no formal dining. They all sat around the coffee table, some on leather footstools, some directly on the Mexican paved tiles. Jenny was surprised that the white box with the sheets of tagboard wasn’t already put aside. â€Å"You got some scissors?† asked Zach. â€Å"Actually, an X-Acto knife would be better. And a metal ruler, and glue.† Jenny stared at him. â€Å"You’re going to make it?† â€Å"Sure, why not? It looks like a good model.† â€Å"It’s cute,† Summer said and giggled. â€Å"You’ve got to be kidding,† Jenny said. â€Å"A paper house †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She looked around for support. â€Å"It’s a game,† Dee said. â€Å"See, there are instructions on the back of the lid. Scary instructions.† She shot a barbaric smile around the room. â€Å"I like them.† Michael, with bits of spring roll hanging out of his mouth, looked alarmed. â€Å"But how can you play a game with a paper house?† Jenny felt her voice going weak again as she saw the way Tom was looking at her. The way only Tom could look-charming, persuasive, and tragic. It was all a put-on, but Jenny could never resist. â€Å"Oh, all right, you big baby,† she said. â€Å"If you really want it. I should have gotten you a rattle and a pacifier, too.† Shaking her head, she went off to fetch the scissors. They put the model together as they ate, occasionally getting grease on the tagboard, gesturing with chopsticks. Tom supervised, naturally. Zach did a lot of the cutting; he’d had practice matting the photographs he took. Jenny watched his careful, clever fingers transform the flat sheets of paper into a three-foot-high Victorian house and was forced into admiration. It had three floors and a turret and was open in front like a dollhouse. The roof was removable. Sheet after sheet had to be cut out to make all the chimneys and cornices and balconies and eaves, but no one got tired of working, and only Michael complained. Tom seemed delighted with the whole thing. Even Audrey, whom Jenny would have thought far too sophisticated to enjoy this, lent an experienced hand. â€Å"Look, here’s some furniture to put inside-are you done with the first floor, Zach? You see, this is the parlor, and here’s a little parlor table. Gothic Revival, I think. Mother has one. I’ll put it†¦ here.† â€Å"Here’s a sort of Oriental screen thing,† Summer said. â€Å"I’ll put it by the table for the dolls to look at.† â€Å"There aren’t any dolls,† said Jenny. â€Å"Yes, there are,† Dee said and grinned. She’d curled her long legs up and was reading the instructions to herself. â€Å"And they’re us. It says we each get a paper doll for a playing piece, and we draw our own face on it, and then we move the pieces through the house, trying to get to the turret at the top. That’s the game.† â€Å"You said it was scary,† Tom objected. â€Å"I didn’t finish. It’s a haunted house. You run into a different nightmare in every room while you’re trying to get to the top. And you have to watch out for the Shadow Man.† â€Å"The what?† Jenny said. â€Å"The Shadow Man. He’s like the Sandman, only he brings you nightmares. He’s lurking around inside, and if he catches you, he’ll-well, listen. He’ll ‘bring to life your darkest fantasies and make you confess your most secret fears,'† she read with obvious enjoyment. â€Å"All right!† said Tom. â€Å"Oh, geez,† said Michael. â€Å"What kind of darkest fantasies?† said Summer. Mystery, thought Jenny. Danger. Seduction. Fear. Secrets revealed. Desires unveiled. Temptation. â€Å"What’s wrong with you, Thorny?† Tom said affectionately. â€Å"You’re so nervous.† â€Å"It’s just-I don’t know if I like this game.† Jenny looked up at him. â€Å"But you do, don’t you?† â€Å"Sure.† His hazel eyes, brown flecked with green, were sparkling. â€Å"It’s good for a laugh.† Then he added, â€Å"Don’t be scared. I’ll protect you.† Jenny gave him a mock glare and leaned against him. When she was away from Tom, the skin of her forearm missed him, and so did her shoulder and her side and her hip. The right side because she always sat on Tom’s left. â€Å"Go get some of Joey’s crayons,† Dee was ordering Summer. â€Å"We’re going to need to draw a lot. Not just the paper dolls that are us; we’re also supposed to draw our worst nightmare.† â€Å"Why?† said Michael unhappily. â€Å"I told you. We have to face a different nightmare in every room. So we each draw one on a slip of paper and shuffle the papers and put them facedown on the floor of different rooms. Then when you get to a room, you can look at the slip and see what that person’s nightmare is.† Tom wiped his fingers on his jeans and went to sit by Dee on the couch, bending his head over the instructions. Summer jumped up to get crayons from Jenny’s little brother’s room. Zach, ignoring the rest of them, was working silently. Zach didn’t say anything unless he had something to say. â€Å"I think I’m going to like this,† Audrey said, judiciously placing furniture in the different rooms. She was humming a little, her polished nails gleaming, her hair shining copper under the track lighting. â€Å"Here are the crayons, and I found some colored pencils, too,† Summer said, returning with a Tupperware container. â€Å"Now we can all draw.† She rummaged through the sheets of glossy tagboard left in the box, finally producing one printed with human outlines. The paper dolls. They were all enjoying themselves. The game was a hit, the party a success. Jenny still felt cold inside. She had to admit, though, that there was a certain satisfaction in cutting neatly along dotted lines. It brought back long-ago memories. Coloring the paper dolls was fun, too, the Crayola wax sliding richly onto the stiff matte tagboard. But when it came to drawing on the rectangle of paper Summer gave her next, she stopped helplessly. Draw a nightmare? Her worst nightmare? She couldn’t. Because the truth was that Jenny had a nightmare. Her own, personal, particular nightmare, based on something that had happened long ago †¦ and she couldn’t remember it. She could never remember it when she was awake. The bad feeling was coming on, the one she sometimes got late at night. The scared feeling. Was she the only person in the world who woke up in the middle of the night sure that she’d discovered some awful secret-only, once she’d awakened, she couldn’t remember what it was? Who felt sick with fear over something she couldn’t remember? A picture flickered through her mind. Her grandfather. Her mother’s father. Thinning white hair, a kind face, tired, twinkling dark eyes. He had entertained her when she was five years old with souvenirs from far-off places and magic tricks that had seemed real to a child. His basement had been full of the most wonderful things. Until the day something had happened†¦. That last horrible day†¦ The flicker died, and Jenny was glad. The only thing worse than not remembering was remembering. It was better to just leave the whole thing buried. The therapists had said differently at the time, but what did they know? Anyway, she certainly couldn’t draw it. The others were all sketching assiduously. Tom and Dee were snickering together, using the lid of the game box as a desk. Summer was laughing, shaking back her soft light curls, drawing something with a lot of different colors. Zach was frowning over his nightmare, his face even more intense than usual; Audrey’s eyebrows were arched in amusement. â€Å"Where’s green? I need lots of green,† said Michael, hunting among the crayons. â€Å"What for?† asked Audrey, eyes narrowed. â€Å"Can’t tell you. It’s a secret.† Audrey turned her back on him, shielding her own paper. â€Å"That’s right, they’re secrets,† Dee agreed. â€Å"You don’t get to see them until you reach the room they’re in.† Nobody here could possibly have a secret from me, Jenny thought. Except Audrey, I’ve known them all forever. I know when they lost their first tooth and got their first bra. None of them could have a real secret-like mine. If she had one, why not the others? Jenny looked at Tom. Handsome Tom, headstrong and a little arrogant, as even Jenny had to admit, if only to herself. What was he drawing now? â€Å"Mine needs green, too. And yellow,† he said. â€Å"Mine needs black,† said Dee and chuckled. â€Å"All right, done,† Audrey said. â€Å"Come on, Jenny,† Tom said. â€Å"Aren’t you finished yet?† Jenny looked down at her paper. She had made a formless doodle around the edges; the middle was blank. After an embarrassed moment with everyone’s eyes on her, she turned the paper over and gave it to Dee. She would just have to explain later. Dee shuffled all the slips and put them facedown in various rooms on the upper floors. â€Å"Now we put our paper dolls in the parlor downstairs,† she said. â€Å"That’s where we all start. And there should be a pile of game cards in the box, Summer, to tell us what to do and where to move. Put them in a stack on the table.† Summer did while Audrey fixed the paper dolls on their little plastic anchors and set them up in the parlor. â€Å"We need just one more thing,† Dee said. She paused dramatically and then said, â€Å"The Shadow Man.† â€Å"Here he is,† Summer said, picking up the last sheet of stiff tagboard from the box. â€Å"I’ll cut out his friends first-the Creeper and the Lurker.† She did, then handed the figures to Audrey. The Creeper was a giant snake, the Lurker a bristling wolf. Their names were printed in blood-red calligraphy. â€Å"Charming,† Audrey said, snapping anchors on. â€Å"Anywhere in particular I’m supposed to put them, Dee?† â€Å"No, the cards will tell us when we meet them.† â€Å"Here’s the Shadow Man. He can shadow me if he wants; I think he’s cute,† Summer said. Audrey took the paper doll from her, but as she did Jenny grabbed her wrist. Jenny couldn’t speak. She couldn’t breathe, actually. It couldn’t be-but it was. There was no question about it. The printed face that stared up at her was unmistakable. It was the boy in black, the boy from the game store. The boy with the shocking blue eyes. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 3, Essay examples

Prepared to Highlight the Relevance of Special Probation

Question: Describe about the report prepared to highlight the relevance of special probation and the type of treatment that needs to be provided to people who are in jail? Answer: Introduction This report has been prepared to highlight the relevance of special probation and the type of treatment that needs to be provided to people who are in jail. The method that is selected for treating such people is quite different than treating the normal people. This is because; such individuals have no freedom and have more access to the possibilities of relapsing. People, who are in parole need additional assistance to earn livelihood, which becomes a challenge after being released from prison. Besides this, it is also necessary to integrate into the society in the best possible manner (Glaze, and Maruschak, 2008). Report This report has been prepared on the process that needs to be followed to help different types of people like the ones who are addicted towards the substance abuses and the others suffering from HIV/AIDS. The experts rendering such services usually analyse the severity of the issue that affects the individual who indulge into substance abuses. This would help in selecting the type of treatment or counselling services that needs to be provided to the members. It is quite important to provide the right type of treatment, as this will help the individual to overcome the problem. Besides this, it would also help in leading a healthy and normal life. In this process, an attempt has been made to develop the best strategies through which the consequences related to the substance abuse treatment can be introduced for different individuals. The type of treatment that needs to be provided to the individual would be decided after analysing the problem that is faced by prisoner. This is quite an important task, and the right steps or measures needs to be taken for handling the challenges. Through such treatment, the experts draft policies to help in increasing self-esteem and identity of the individual who is addicted towards the substance addiction. Due to such a factor, the individual is expected to face financial concerns. This is one of the reasons; the experts counsel with the individuals and find the seriousness of the issue. In this process, the experts and the individual together can face lots of barriers that are related to treatment. It is quite important to overpower the same, as this will help in minimising the impact of the same. Apart from this, the experts will also develop the best strategy through which the addicted individual would be motivated to make the best use of the treatment (McClelland et al., 2004). Prisoners suffering from dreadful disease like HIV/AIDS impact the confidence of the individual. In this case, it is quite important to help the prisoner to overcome the problem, without being negatively impacted. The role of social workers are well defined, as this will help them in undertaking the task that needs to be performed for helping such prisoners to lead a normal life. In this case, the job performed by the self-formed or self-help groups plays a key role in helping people suffering from HIV/AIDS. In this case, it is necessary to provide the right type of treatment to the patients or prisoners suffering from these dreadful diseases. Also, the supervision methods and conditions needs to be specified in the right manner. This will help in treating the patients in the right manner (Mumola and Karberg, 2007). In this case, the experts usually face lots of challenges that are associated with the process of providing the accurate treatment that would benefit the patients. In this process, the aftercare services and continuing care services has to be also provided. Such steps have to be taken in the right manner, as the patients and the experts would be benefitted. Treatment procedure In order to provide the right type of treatment, it is necessary to develop the strategy through which the behavioural aspects of the patient can be understood in the right manner. In this case, the information about the problem needs to be gathered by the experts. This also includes sharing few confidentiality issues that causes the problem in the patients. The program is developed on individual basis, as this would help the patients in recovering from the issue. Some of the programs that can be drafted by the individuals are 1. TASC or treatment accountability for safer communities. In this program, the programs are developed as per the individual needs. This is meant to help the patients to overpower the problem. 2. Drafting strategies for breaking the cycle that is followed by the individuals. This is meant to help the individual in analysing the cause of the issue. Such a step would help the individual to handle the problem in the right manner. The program is drafted as per the individual need and the strategies are discussed with the members (National Center for State Courts, 2012). In case of HIV/AIDS, the experts draft the program as per the severity of the issue. In this case, the below mentioned factors are taken care of 1. Recovery stages - In this program, the experts draft the best policy through which the strategies could be developed for helping the patients to understand the severity of the problem. This step would help in understanding the steps that needs to be followed for controlling the medical issue. 2. Special program - In this case, the program has to be developed depending upon the severity of the medical problem. The experts analyse the steps that would have to be followed by the patients, as this will help in recovering from the dreadful disease. Conclusion The medical problem and substance abuse are some of the serious issues that can affect the individual. Methods followed for providing the treatment has to be exclusively drafted, as this will help in analysing the challenges that are involved in the process of providing the best treatment. In this method, the issue has to be analysed, as this will help the patients in recovering from the problem soon. The programs are developed in individually, as this will help the patients in recovering from the problem without facing many issues on the same. References Glaze L, and Maruschak L, 2008. Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2008 (revised 2010). Available athttps://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmc.pdf (PDF, 337KB).McClelland G.M, Elkington K, Teplin A, and Abram K, 2004. Multiple substance use disorders in juvenile detainees. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43(10):12151224, 2004.Mumola C and Karberg J, Drug Use and Dependence, State and Federal Prisoners, 2004. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007. Available athttps://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudsfp04.pdf (PDF, 441KB)National Center for State Courts, 2012. Virginia Adult Treatment Courts: Impact Study. https://www.courts.state.va.us/courtadmin/aoc/djs/programs/dtc/resources/2012_va_adult_dtc_impac t_study.pdfNational Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012. Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment for Criminal Justice P opulations. www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/podat_cj_2012.pdfRichmond Behavioral Health Authority, 2013. Agency website. www.rbha.org.Scarborough S, 2012. Reducing recidivism in returning offenders with alcohol and drug-related offenses: contracts for the delivery of authentic peer based recovery support services. Dissertation: Virginia Commonwealth University: Richmond, VA. https://sarahscarbrough.com/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2012/10/scarbrough-dissertation.pdfVirginia Association of Community Services Boards, Inc, 2012. 2012 Overview of Community Services in Virginia. www.vacsb.org/Misc/CSB_Overview_2012.pdfVirginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, 2013. Review of Virginias Pre- and Post-Incarceration Services. https://leg2.state.va.us/dls/hsdocs.nsf/By+Year/RD3382013/$file/RD338.pdfWhite W, 2009. Peer-based Addiction Recovery Support: History, Theory, Practice, and Scientific Evaluation. Chicago, IL: Great Lakes Addiction Technology Transfer Center and Philadelphia Depa rtment of Behavioral Health and Mental Retardation Services. www.attcnetwork.org/regcenters/productDocs/3/PeerBased%20Recovery%20Support%20Services%20-Final%20Version%20w_Cover_June%2008%2009.pdf

Database Administrator Z/Os free essay sample

Sanders DB2 10 Exam 610 Practice Questions by Robert Wingate For certification test: DB2 9 DBA for z/OS (000-732) DB2 9 for z/OS Database Administration: Certification Study Guide by Susan Lawson and Daniel Luksetich DB2 10 DBA for z/OS (000-612) DB2 10 for z/OS Database Administration: Certification Study Guide by Susan Lawson and Daniel Luksetich For certification test: DB2 9 System Administrator for z/OS (000-737) DB2 9 System Administration for z/OS: Certification Study Guide: Exam 737 by Judy Nall DB2 10 System Administrator for z/OS (000-617) DB2 10 System Administration for z/OS: Certification Study Guide: Exam 617 by Judy Nall (due out in May of 2013) 2)Then there is the following free tutorial: For certification test: DB2 9 Fundamentals (000-730) DB2 9 Fundamentals certification 730 prep series at http://www. ibm. com/developerworks/offers/lp/db2cert/db2-cert730. html For certification test: DB2 10 Fundamentals (000-610) DB2 10 Fundamentals certification 610 prep series at http://www. bm. com/developerworks/data/tutorials/db2-cert6101/index. html 3)$30 IBM practice exams: For certification test: DB2 9

Crystel, a Study in Leadership

Crystel, a Study in Leadership Free Online Research Papers Leadership, as defined by Robert J. Shiver, chairman and CEO of New York City – based Aewav Holdings, Inc., is â€Å"the ability to motivate and guide people toward a goal.† Leadership includes influencing and enabling others to contribute to the successes of the company or team to which one belongs. A key point of leadership has to do with competency. The competency trait includes knowledge, skills, abilities, and values. (McShane Glinow 2005, p. 4) CrysTel, which is based out of Illinois, employs 2,500 people and has annual revenue of $200 million. Their company produces products such as: data cables, wireless solutions, and network development. With in the simulation it identified strong and weak areas within the organization and apply behavioral changes. This would build a culture that could maintain and continue change. When faced with the challenge of bringing on new products to the companies portfolio, in an effort to keep up with the demands of the market, it was essential to asses the areas that were not able and ready to handle this constant change. Some important aspects to consider in making these decisions are leadership quality, communication within the team, and motivation. After the evaluation, it was realized that the performance of any department has a direct relationship to the flow of communication, the kind of leadership, and the level at which the employees are motivated. Once the weakness was identified in each department, the company had to initiate activities that would help the departments change their weaknesses into strengths. When determining those activities, the company had to take into consideration the department’s resistance factors. Activities that were implemented included: constant communication with employees, creating a training calendar and appointing mentors, creating a conflict resolution forum, empowering teams to decide on targets and leaders, etc. â€Å"All organizational structures include two fundamental requirements: the division of labor into distinct tasks and the coordination of that labor so that employees are able to accomplish common goals.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 446). CrysTel currently holds an organizational structure of centralization. â€Å"Centralization means that formal decision-making authority is held by a small group of people, typically those at the top of the organizational hierarchy. Most organizations begin with centralized structures, as the founder makes most of the decisions and tries to direct the business toward his or her vision.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 451). CrysTel follows this organizational structure with top positions of Chief Executive Officer, Vice President of Technology Development, Vice President of Sales and Delivery, Vice President of Marketing, and Vice President of Human Resources. The individuals at these levels are considered experts of the business and understand the fitness manufacturers industry. Each one of these positions holds power, prestige, and great intelligence. CrysTel uses the functional structure in conjunction with the formalization structure. â€Å"Functional structure organizes employees around specific knowledge or other resources. Employees with marketing expertise are grouped into a marketing unit, those with production skills are located in manufacturing, engineers are found in product development, and so on. Organizations with functional structures are typically centralized to coordinate their activities effectively.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 456). CrysTel’s departments of expertise consist of technology development, human resources, technology operations, sales and delivery and marketing. Within each of these departments, there are several levels of leadership: team managers, senior managers, and vice presidents. CrysTel has been continually going through changes with their products with rapid and frequent advances in the telecommunications industry that inevitably lead to new expectations which require new management changes. With the enormous amount of change that occurs in organizations, employees depend on information to reduce the level of uncertainty about what is about to happen next. The better CrysTel can cope with feelings of uncertainty among their employees, the better they can achieve their goals as a profitable, successful company. â€Å"Individuals and work units acquire power by helping the organization to cope with uncertainty. Coping includes any activity that effectively deals with environmental uncertainties affecting the organization.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 363). There are three general strategies that help organizations to cope with uncertainty among their employees. They are: prevention, forecasting, and absorption. Prevention being the most powerful tool. Prevention is when the most powerful people in the organization can prevent environmental changes from taking place. Forecasting is the second most powerful tool. With forecasting it is expected that powerful people will try to predict environmental changes or variations. Absorption is when work units also gain power by absorbing the impact of environmental shifts as they occur. All three of these strategies must be practiced by CrysTel for employees to have a sense of certainty in the company. Additional ways to ease employees’ reaction to change is to create visibility and networking methods in the office and to ensure that these methods are known throughout the office. â€Å"Those who control valued resources or knowledge will yield power only when others are aware of these power bases, in other words, when it is visible. Even when someone’s legitimate power has no effect until employees are aware of the person’s position or status in the organization. One way to increase visibility is to take people-oriented jobs and work on projects that require frequent interaction with senior executives.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 366). When visibility becomes part of the picture team members seem to be more open to upper management’s ideas and tend to have a greater incentive to be on board with the mission, decisions, and objectives that affect the whole company. Employees want to know what is happening and why, they want to know how it wi ll affect them. When employees know these things they become more apt to go along with the company. Networking is another method to manage reaction to change. Many good things come from networking such as building credibility and trust. â€Å"Networks consist of people who trust each other, which increases the flow of information among those within the network. The more you network, the more likely you will receive valuable information that increases your expert power in the organization.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 367). â€Å"Leadership is the ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute to the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 416). CrysTel needs phenomenal leadership for them to grow and manage large initiatives. â€Å"Leadership isn’t restricted to the executive suite. Anyone in the organization can be a leader.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 416). CrysTel must communicate this concept to all employees and bring them on board with the company. Leadership must take place in all levels of the company, from the cubicles on up to the CEO. They must be open minded to new ideas and embrace the thoughts of changing processes that can work more effectively and efficiently. Leadership style should be people-oriented with the seven competencies integrated. The people-oriented leadership style is a leadership style that is well liked. When a boss treats their employee like an equal and listens to their suggestions, they will respect them. trust them and want to work harder for them. Through this style of leadership a greater job satisfaction level, lower absenteeism, grievances, and turnover can be achieved. â€Å"Leaders with strong people-oriented style listen to employee suggestions, do personal favors for employees, support their interests when required, and treat employees as equals.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 421). Using the path-goal theory of leadership would be the best. This theory of leadership would fit some situations better than using judgment calls based on the people-oriented theory. â€Å"Path-goal leadership theory is a contingency theory of leadership based on expectancy theory of motivation that relates several leadership styles to specific situational contingencies.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2004, p. 422). Through this theory leaders are able to strengthen the performance-to-outcome expectancy and valences of those outcomes. They are able to do so by ensuring that employees who perform their jobs well have a higher degree of need fulfillment than employees who do not perform well. (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 422). Through the combination of the people-oriented theory of leadership for a foundation and using the path-goal leadership theory in practice, when the timing is right, would be the leadership methods best used for implementing a major initiative. These styles of leadership will work the best for CrysTel because of the people friendly feel they portray. Since, employees resist command driven leadership which results in lower job satisfaction, lower attendance and higher turnover. Each of those implications can be very costly to a company. Employees will work harder for management whom they fell respects them, one who treats them with integrity and shows equality, while making work enjoyable. Transformational leadership is also another great way to lead people and have them understand what the company is all about. The elements of transformational leadership are: creating a vision, communicating the vision, modeling the vision, and building commitment to the vision. Transformational leaders actually perform all of these tasks. They not only come up the vision, they also find effective ways to communicate the vision to the employees while modeling how to fulfill the vision. When the employees see the â€Å"vision maker† actually â€Å"walking the walk† and enacting the vision, naturally they will build commitment to the vision. Using this transformational leadership method to outline what the leaders hoped to accomplish, along with an explanation of what roles the company needed to be filled and what the roles would be doing, and working as a team to make it happen would help them in their pursuit. Together, this will build a commitment to reach the goal as a team and give everyone the drive to achieve the end vision. Recommendation of Measures to Monitor Progress After running the simulation of change management, I feel that the culture at CrysTel is not all positive. Within this simulation I was given the role of researching and analyzing which departments needed changes and which departments were resistant to change. I was also assigned the task of providing the information required to optimize flexibility, promote innovation, and sustain change. I had to identify strong and weak areas of the organization and apply behavior change techniques that would build a culture that would be able to sustain change. During these tasks, I received input from the organization’s perspective and upper management. There were five strong upper management employees who advised me along the way. There were several behavior restrictions that could be altered although I had to figured out what departments needed altering and by how much. Leading by example, employee and senior communication, empowering teams, risk-taking, resolving conflict, and mentori ng sessions were the behaviors I worked with. Certain departments were stronger than others but a few stood out as very weak. These were the sales, and delivery and marketing. The formalization organization structure and the functional organization structure are compatible structures that will work hand in hand. The formalization concept explains how the business is run in terms of organization structure of employees. The function structure describes how the business is structured in terms of functionality. These organizational structures will create a culture that will follow the upper management of greater power and modeling their behaviors. It will also create a more departmentalized structure that thinks about the effects on their department only and does not work in teams with other departments. The functional organization structure should be less about the goals of each department on their own, but more about the department and how it can work with other departments to find best practices, core competencies, and idea sharing. As I worked through the simulation and made decisions based on areas of weakness and resistance to change, I found apprehension among the employees when change occurred. â€Å"Organization politics are behaviors that others perceive as self-serving tactics for personal gain at the expense of other people and possibly the organization. While influence is sometimes beneficial to the organization, organizational politics is usually considered undesirable.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 375). â€Å"People have referent power when others identify with them, like them, or otherwise respect them. Like expert power, referent power comes from within the person. It is largely a function of the person’s interpersonal skills and usually develops slowly. Referent power is usually associated with charismatic leadership.† (McShane Von Glinow, 2005, p. 362). This is a much more positive, effective way to use your power to win other subordinates over that you want to buy-into your changes and whom you want to gain respect from. This is an option that I wish I would have had control over in the simulation. When choosing to implement a change in a behavioral parameter, I wish I would have had the option to choose what kind of leadership style this change was implemented with. As our reading spelled out, there are several ways of using power in a negative way and too often, those ways are sometimes easier and take less work or time but do not result in true and genuine feelings from employees. Recommendation of Management Practices that Contribute to the Success of Change Process Change is the tidal wave of irresistible force that occurs in the workplace each day. Employees who try and deny change and expect it never to take place will end up on the outside of the company. There are ways that management can bring about change quickly and gracefully. In an article in KM World, Art Murray of Applied Knowledge Sciences discusses basic techniques to gain focused concentration on vision, mission, strategy and objectives. He points out that performance drivers, key people, processes and technologies can aid in complete transformation when a company practices repetition and the desired change becomes habitual (Murray, 2007). Murray points out three managerial practices that are sure to aid in the success of the organizational change: Focused concentration, relentless repetition, and living embodiment. â€Å"Change cannot occur if energy is misdirected. Vision and mission, strategy and objectives, performance drivers and key people, and processes and technologies must be closely aligned and in balance. Lack of organizational alignment means energy is being wasted in places not critical to the mission. Maximum transfer of energy comes from focusing your efforts only on those key areas having the greatest impact on mission success.† (Murray, 2007). Managers must constantly have the vision and mission in the front of their minds and always be looking for the gaps that are holding the team back. The goal should be to try to close the gaps one at a time. â€Å"Then look for hidden opportunities that can give you even greater results, using what you already have.† (Murray, 2007). Every company is aware of the importance for standard operation procedures and doing things the right way and playing by the rules. A business is efficient and effective when there are specific rules and standards in place for every day operations. These standards serve their purpose when everyone follows them each and every time. If these rules weren’t followed consistently and closely, they would do the company no good. â€Å"Complete transformation can only occur when the desired change in behavior becomes habitual, to the point where the employee no longer has to think about it.† (Murray, 2007). Something that often happens is after the new initiative is launched and all the new standard operating procedures are in place, new training has been done, execution doesn’t follow. The employees slowly begin to fall back to their old habits and get caught up in day to day operations â€Å"That’s where repetition comes in. As the leading change agent, a manager must continue to bang the drum relentlessly. And if the manager is not focused, the message will quickly get lost among the distractions. A clear theme, with a clear result, communicated many times over, will eventually take hold.† (Murray, 2007). The final concept is living embodiment, not just talking the talk but actually walking the walk. If the manager practices what he preaches to his team, the team is more likely to follow his actions. Not only does this aid in demonstrating to the team how the action is to be performed but is also shows the real belief and support the manager gives to the change. Murray also brings up a very simple concept of lessons learned that can save companies millions. â€Å"Lessons-learned can save the company money by eliminating the waste that comes from repeated mistakes. At the end of each task or activity, take some time to document what worked, what didn’t work and how to do it better. Uncover the root cause of the problem and correct it.† (Murray, 2007). This drill will often times uncover a gap in the process or inadequate controls that allow shortcuts or inappropriate standards. This short but important task could save the company time and money in the long run. As the world changes and the consumers change with it companies will need to follow suit. Those who do not follow suit will fall by behind and die out. CrysTel needs to get their employees on board and ready and willing to embrace change. Once they have embraced change have found the best form of leadership for their company they will be able to move forward with confidence that they will succeed. â€Å"Don’t even think about not practicing the change yourself. If you can’t stick to it, don’t expect others to. The real challenge is finding the balance in challenging work habits while delivering a measurable boost in performance.† (Murray, 2007). References McShane, Steve L Von Ginlow Marry Ann. (2005). Organizational Behavior: Emerging Realities for the Workplace Revolution. Retrieved from McShane, Steve L Von Ginlow Marry Ann, MMPBL/520 website. Murray, Art. (2007). The Future of the Future: Overcoming resistance to change. KM World, 16(19),Retrieved from kmworld.com/Articles/Column/Future-of-the-Future/The-Future-of-the-Future-Overcoming-resistance-to-change-39710.aspx University of Phoenix. (200?). Building a Culture for Sustaining Change [Computer Software]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Simulation, MMPBL/520 website. Research Papers on Crystel, a Study in LeadershipAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAW

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 27

Reflection - Essay Example In the course, one is required be very effective in working with project teams. The first thing that was done was that we were divided into three groups and each group was given responsibility for different parts. In the team that I was in, Eric was chosen to be the team leader. The primary responsibility of a team leader is to allocate tasks among the team members. However, a member could at times be allowed to choose to participate in areas they thought they were best suited for. Normally, I am not good in communicating the requirements, so the team leader wrote down the requirements of the tasks for me and if anyone had issues with it, we would discuss it out and find a neutral ground. This was a very efficient system in that if one were not able to cut the handgrip from a racket, we could help him/her. I am not good in writing, so the team leader helped me to fix the grammar. I, however, think that I have fully exhausted the purpose of the Senior Design Projects, which was â€Å"to utilize your knowledge, as a senior student to perform a major open-ended design project†. One of the main objectives of this project is to make the treatment methods of the patients better and more efficient. From the duration that I spent in the facility, I realized that I required much technical knowledge that I have not acquired yet. A notable example is that we need to design games and yet am not able to design a 2-D game. However, for the creation of 3-D games, I can easily handle since I had already acquired that knowledge from Miami University where I was taught to use Abacus CAE to design a model for the handgrip. I was also able to apply the knowledge from physics on how to cut the handgrip from the racket. Another requirement for the course is to gain experience from the capstone experience. It provided us with the chance of gaining experience on how a project is done in a real business environment. The

The Mississippi River Lab Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Mississippi River Lab - Assignment Example The two questions asked during the study are The subjects were also asked to give approximations of the length of the Mississippi River. Most of the respondents thought that the Mississippi River is 5000 miles. The summary of the length approximations of the Mississippi river as per the subjects is presented in table 2. It is rather conclusive from the results of this paper that many people think that the Mississippi river is longer than 840m miles. Many people as evident in the respondents also think that the Mississippi River is longer than 3840 miles. However, from the length approximations, we can speculate that most people do not know the actual length of the Mississippi River. Majority of the people thought that the river is 5000 miles as shown in table 2. The approximation is way above the length used in this study as a reference point. This study assumed that the length of the Mississippi River is 2340 miles long. In relation to the results from the subjects, the actual and real length of the Mississippi River is less than half the length approximated by the respondents. According to the National Park Service, the actual length of the Mississippi River is 2350 miles

Immigrants in detroit Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Immigrants in detroit - Research Paper Example tates and taking jobs from less fortunate Americans, which in all honesty those Americans are not willing to do those jobs anyways, but that still remains to be a huge debate. Americans get angry on immigration because if immigrants take the time to actually come to this country, they should take the time to become a legalized citizen of the US. Even if immigrants get the citizenship would Americans opinions change? Another problem associated with immigration is that it increases the population of the country and therefore, many look at immigration as a huge dilemma and in some eyes it is completely true. Detroit is one of the most exposed states of Michigan where immigrants visit to find jobs, socioeconomic status, etc. Detroit is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is a major port city on the Detroit River in the Midwest region of the United States. Detroit is the only major U.S. city that looks south of Canada. Detroit is known as the world’s traditional automotive center and that’s why it has got two nicknames: The Motor City and Motown. From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan. The city assumed great importance after the mid-19th century as a shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing center, attracting migrants from around the world including Poles, Italians, Germans, Serbs, Croats and others. However, large number of migrants came from the South, especially African Americans who arrived in Detroit after 1900 as factory production increased rapidly. Detroit was the leading producer for the military during World Wars I and II. Industry spurred growth during the first half of the twentieth century as the city drew tens of thousands of new residents particularly workers from the Southern United States to become the nation’s fourth largest. At the same time, tens of thousands of European immigrants poured into the city. Social tensions rose with the rapid pace of growth. The color-blind promotion policies of the auto plants

Why Divorce Is A Good Thing

Why Divorce Is A Good Thing We owe all the wonderful aspects of modern marriage to one thing: divorce. You will hear just the opposite, of course. Religious fundamentalists and politicians will tell you that divorce is crumbling our society, ruining childrens lives, and weakening the moral character of the nation. Dont listen to them. They know perfectly well why divorce is a good thing, they just dont want you to ever find out. Divorce means choice. Divorce means that two people do not have to remain bound to each other until the grave, as society dictated until the 20th century. Divorce means that human beings can determine the path their life will take. And at its very root, divorce provides for that most crucial, most valuable of human experiences: happiness. Divorce is also the great equalizer, and the hallmark of a truly advanced society in terms of womens rights. No woman can ever claim to feel like property or subjugated by men where are there are equitable divorce laws in place. When we look back at ancient civilizations, the ones that stand out are the ones like ancient Egypt which provided equitable treatment for women and the accessibility of divorce as a way to end a legal marriage. Even in the modern world, the best countries for women are those that allow them to divorce freely and without social stigma. But the freedom to live your life how you please, without affecting how others live theirs, is something that a great number of people dont want you to have. Religions in particular seem devoted to making sure that you donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t live how you please, that your every action is analyzed and criticized and ultimately judged. Whether its a stern and moralistic God or a harsh and judgmental society you claim as your higher power, be aware that both of them have one central belief at their core: personal happiness is bad, and personal choice is worse. The Catholic Church, for example, maintains that if you marry someone while your first spouse is still alive, you are committing adultery and will go to Hell. You are not allowed to put aside one spouse and find another, no matter what the reason. They dont like the idea of your having sex with more than one person in your life, even if you want to marry each person that you have it with. Or do they? If your spouse dies they have put no such hex on you. Widows and widowers are given the full blessing of the church to marry again. The limit seems to be three marriages, although Im not sure how stringently this rule is applied. It may be that the widowed are allowed marrying as often as they wish. But even if the church absolutely forbids a widowed person from re-marrying more than twice, it still means that the church would rather sanction youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re having sexual relations with three people in your life, rather than let you be married to two if the first one is merely divorced from you. Its adultery and fornication if you divorce one spouse and remarry even once, but legitimate carnal relations if you marry three times because the other two died. This cant possibly indicate a desire to limit the number of sexual partners you have, or to stamp out the sin of sex. I couldnt understand this breach in logic. As much as I disagree with the premise, if youre going to claim that all sex outside the bonds of your first marriage is sinful, then surely you have to call the widowed fornicators too, as much as the divorced are. But the church doesnt. And for years, neither did the public at large. Widowed people were pitied but respected. Divorced people caused scandal, were looked down upon by respectable people, were shunned and considered morally bankrupt. Now I know why. Its a question of choice, of volition, a unique human quality. The church, and society, simply wouldnt allow you to exercise your volition beyond that first choice of partner you made a choice, by the way, that was often made for you by your parents and had nothing to do with what you wanted. Nothing would justify wanting to make another choice later in life. Only God could do that, it seems. If God took your partner away from you, you had no choice in that, and therefore, you were allowed to choose again. If God decided to take that spouse from you too, that wasnt your choice either. As long as you yourself werent thinking and choosing and making your own decisions about your life, the church would be lenient on you. The minute you decided to affect change in your own life, to undo something you regretted doing or something that no longer served a purpose in your life, you were branded a sinner. So for centuries, miserably married people could only find freedom in the grave. Many people killed their mates to be free of them. It was not uncommon for aristocrats, attempting to climb the social ladder, to arrange for their no-longer-advantageous spouses to fall down stairs or eat poisoned meat so that they, the aristocrats, could marry someone higher up in the echelon of the nobility. For those without the stomach for murder, there was no option. There may have been unofficial separations as there are today, but the medieval mind was so accustomed to accepting discomfort and sacrifice that most unhappily married people stayed together because they felt it was their lot in life to suffer. Its a sentiment that carried through to our grandparents, and even our parents to some extent, many of whom lived out lives of unhappiness and dissatisfaction, bound for life to someone that contributed to the misery of their life, all under the guise of respecting the sanctity of wedlock. It was only when people started believing that their happiness was more important than a vow to God, that they had choice in life and were free to make choices responsibly, that marriage was a voluntary, mutually agreed upon partnership of respect and love that could dissolve if that love and respect disappearedit was only then that people started seeing marriage as an expression of joy and started enjoying the marriages they had. There is nothing sacred about a loveless marriage. Whats sacred is having the freedom to enjoy the best kind of marriage possible, the kind freely entered into by two people who understand that it could end if they neglect or abuse their partner, or that it could last a lifetime if they both want it to. Whats sacred is knowing that a satisfying, happy marriage is always possible, no matter who you find yourself with at the moment or how many times youve tried to make it work and failed. Whats sacred is saying to yourself, and your children, that happiness in love is a crucial component of a healthy life, that sacrificing that happiness for some fuzzy morality is an insult to the human mind. People who divorce and remarry respect the institution of marriage, and respect themselves. As difficult as divorce may be, as painful and unpleasant as it may be, it is necessary to preserve the essential beauty of marriage. People are much more likely to respect and honor each other, to stay in love, when they know that if they dont earn their partners love and admiration, constantly, their marriage could end. People who are bound, inextricably, to each other for life have no incentive to be good to each other. Children and Divorce But what about the children? Its a cry we hear constantly, in protest against everything from adult sites on the internet to garbage dumps to government cutbacks. Future generations, it seems, are far, far more important than this one. But I digress. I will discuss the issue of children and their relationship to marriage in a later page. Yes, children are often hurt by divorce. Yes, it can be painful for a child to see his parents split up. But I believe it is far more damaging for an adult to have grown up in a household where love has disappeared from his parents marriage, and therefore the only experience he has with it is that its a doomed institution, a miserable partnership, something he never expects will give him joy. One of the biggest mistakes parents make in child rearing is in putting their marriage last. It is imperative that you put your marriage first, not only for yourselves, but also for your children. Show your children what a marriage is, what they can expect and look forward to when they grow up. Show them a couple who are deeply in love and committed to each other, show them a man and woman enjoying being in love, respecting each other, living with each other, loving each other. If they see this, they will want and expect this for themselves. They will know what a good relationship is, and wont get drawn into bad ones. So what happens if you arent that blissful couple? What happens if you dont love each other, if your marriage isnt good? Then is that something you want your children to emulate? Even if your partner is the best parent in the world, it will do your child a great disservice if the two of you fight and hurt each other and then turn around and behave sweetly to your child. It will make your child feel uncomfortable, like they are somehow usurping love from one of their parents. Children plainly understand that their parents are supposed to be in love. Its what assures them that when they grow up theyll be in love as well. If you dont have a loving model to show your children, you are doing them no favors by staying married. Divorce. Separate yourselves from each other, and continue to be good, if separate, parents. Marry again, choosing carefully, so that your children can see that it s alright to want happiness for yourself and to go after it. Show them its alright to leave one marriag e if its bad and start another one thats better. Give them some idea of what to expect for their own happiness in the future. Divorce isnt easy. And naturally a happy marriage is preferable to divorce any day. I dont blame anyone for being afraid of divorce or for not wanting their marriage to end. But if we really want to understand what makes free, unfettered, romantic marriage possible, we have to embrace that which makes it possible, and give it the quiet respect it deserves.

Apartheid in South Africa :: Apartheid South Africa Segregation Essays

Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid is the political policy of racial segregation. In Afrikaans, it means apartness, and it was pioneered in 1948 by the South African National Party when it came to power. Not only did apartheid separate whites from non-whites, it also segregated the Blacks (Africans) from the Coloreds (Indians, Asians). All things such as jobs, schools, railway stations, beaches, park benches, public toilets and even parliament. Apartheid also prevented blacks from living in white areas. This brought about the hated "pass laws". These laws required any non-white to carry a pass on him or her. Unless it was stamped on their pass, they were not allowed to stay in a white area for more than 72 hours. Despite the fact that the whites only make up just over 14% of the population, they own 86.3% of the land. However, it must be said that the Afrikaaners are entitled to the Orange Free State and Transvaal as they were first to use it after the Great Trek of 1836. The average South African White earns eight times as much as the average black man. Coloureds earn three times as much as black while colords earn well over half of what whites earn. During Apartheid, media censorship was at an all time high. People were even banned from showing Soweto on television. It was common to see a newspaper shut down, and then start again after being halted by the government. Up until 1985, mixed marriages were banned. This meant that a person of one race cold not marry a person of another race. Apartheid was not only used in theory, but also by law. Every person was classifed, just like an animal, as white, black or coloured. The system of Apartheid began to deteriorate in the mid to late 1980's. In 1985, mixed marriages were allowed, the Pass laws repealed, and a general weakening of petty segregation laws regarding parks and beaches. In 1994, the entire system collapsed after Pres. F.W. de Klerk gave non- whites to vote. Nelson Mandella was elected tooffice following his prison release in February 1990. GROUP AREAS ACT A Group Areas Act, froom 1948, set aside most of the coutntry for use by the whites. Smaller, and less desiracle areas called 'bantustans' were set aside for blacks. These areas are over crowded, un sanitory, and most of all, unhygenic. Soweto, a large bantustan, is the size of Brighton, yet has over two million peopl in it. Blacks were told to regard these desolate and unfertile areas as their 'homelands'. Over half of the black South African population lived, not in these batustans, but in the white areas of the country for cheap labour.

Scapegoating

Scapegoating, (v, act of singling out any party for unmerited, negative treatment) has been around since the biblical days, and still exists in many different forms today. Although there are many reasons a person or group of people may have for choosing a scapegoat, the bottom line is the simple fact that the â€Å"blamer† does not want to accept responsibility for their own actions or feelings.Whether fueled by hostility, aggression, frustration or jealousy, the scapegoat is singled out as the cause of those unwanted feelings, and for any trouble that may come up along the way. Scapegoating can happen anywhere from right at home within the family, right up the line to various issues within society and politics. Within the home, although most people view this to be their â€Å"safe place,† this may not be the case for some.There are many families that either knowingly or unknowingly pick one member of the family to be the scapegoat. This person will bear the brunt of mo st or sometimes all family members’ anger and frustrations. There are different factors that contribute to how this person is chosen, such as: being viewed to be weaker, they may have traits of un liked relative or friend of the family, or many other unknown reasons. Eventually, this person will begin to accept this to be their lot in life, and begin to accept the blame as reality.This will lead to emotional, behavioral, and social problems, as well as lead to low self- confidence and low self -worth. Another common place to see issues of scapegoating or bullying would be within society and politics. Some societies will place the blame for certain social problems on certain groups. There are places in the world that label specific tribes or ethnicities as the cause for what is going on. Countries will put the blame for government issues onto the President, or Prime Minister.The leader of these countries will then in turn use scapegoating to distract from more serious, underly ing issues by keeping the public busy blaming another person, country or group. The bottom line is that scapegoating, although it may seem convenient at the time, does not actually solve anything! It can lead to violence, hatred, segregation, and more serious issues. There are very rare instances of anything positive coming from scapegoating in a family setting, and even more within society and politics.

Women

Women have a significant importance in the society. They play the fundamental role in the improvement of a nation. In many societies, the place of women has been discussed for numerous times. Each society placed the women in their society variously. Their view of women had shaped according to their style of living, culture, laws, and religion. Even in the modern era, the place of the women is still not clear. It can be seen the level of development of a civilization by looking how women are positioned in that civilization. Although women sometimes lived in a state of liberty, they mainly have limited life. Almost every emerging civilization had set limits on women's freedom of expression and travel. Unfortunately, in much of human history, women had treated as they were the second-class citizen and women were expected to be submissive. Mostly, they were depended on their husbands or fathers. To give an example, in Ancient Greece, women did not have many rights. Women were not permitted to become a citizen of the Athenian city-state. Since they were not able to own their property, they were not able to hold full citizenship rights. Women actually had fewer rights than slaves because they were never allowed their own freedoms (GreekBoston.com). Also, Emory Adams Allen stated that Athenian women were always minors, subject to some male- to their father, to their brother, or to some of their male kin (444). There was even this saying in Ancient Greece time †The best woman is the one who never speaks† (Berktay 106) As a matter of fact, many examples can be given from history such as Romans, Ancient Egypt etc. Though, the point is that the women in many societies somehow suffered enough. Surely, the suffering of women is not only belonging to the past. Still, women are exposed to verbal abuse, violence, they are forcing into the marriage etc. It needs to point out that there is not only one homogenous and unchangeable woman concept. However, all the women regardless of their race, status, and religion had faced inequality at some point in their lives.The way women are perceived in societies has many factors. One of the greatest factors can be their culture. Since the roles and activities of men are determined by the cultural systems in the societies, the effect of the cultural factor is essential. Culture cannot be defined as a single concept. It covers many aspects such as the style of living, manners, customs, arts, values, morals etc. As anticipated, culture can differ from society to another one. For instance, Turks and Arabs are often confused to have a same cultural system just because they share the same religion. However, those cultural differences were even before the Islam. In pre-Islamic Arab culture, when someone has a daughter as a firstborn, it would be a shame for them. On the contrary for Turks, there were people who wanted Oghuz Lord's prayers to have a daughter (Gà ¶kalp 26). On the other hand, even after Turks' acceptance of Islam, there were great differences between Arabs and Turks such as the monogamy. Arabs have a polygamy culture rather than the monogamy. For this reason, even though both nations are sharing the same religion, the disparities can be seen effortlessly. After touching upon the effect of the culture briefly, now it should be mention another massive effect of perceiving the women, and that is the religion. This paper is an attempt to discuss how women perceived in Christianity and Islam.Before discussing the place of women in Christianity, it is essential to know about the main concept of the human beings in this religion. ‘How human beings are portrayed in Christianity?' The man is considered to be sinful and filthy. Therefore, when an infant comes into the world, (s)he will be baptized to purified from sins and filths. The reason for baptism is to get rid of the original sin which was Adam's and Eve's disobedience to God for eating a forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the Garden of Eden. It needs to point out that, according to Bible, Adam committed the sin because of Eve tempted him. Eve is portrayed as a seductive woman. Furthermore, Eve is considered to be the first human who fell into sin. As if she is the initiator of all the evilness. Eve is also responsible for the original sin because she tempted Adam. For this reason, women had linked with evil concepts such as wickedness, sin, and seductiveness. The view of women in Christianity has few problems. Church fathers, theologians, and authors have interpreted the bible to the extreme forms to create a widespread feminist literature. (Berktay 105) To give an example, Saint Augustinus, who preoccupied with an incomprehensible mystery of why God created the woman, states that a woman cannot be created only to be a companion for a man. Moreover, a woman simply cannot be created for helping a man because a man can perform this task better. Hence, Augustinus comes to the conclusion that woman has no value aside from child-bringing (Brundage 85). Another North African Christian theologian Tertullianus, who was an extreme misogynist, declared as: You are the gate of hell woman! You are the first to oppose the law of God; you deceived such a man that even the devil would not dare come close to him. You easily ruined the man who was created in the image of God. Because of your blame, even the son of God must die! (Ruther 157). The Christian Bible consists of two main parts, the first part is the Old Testament and the second part is the New Testament. Old testament almost has the same content in Tanakh which is the holy scripture of Jews. However, Tanakh is called Old Testament by Christians and they interpret Tanakh differently. The woman in Old Testament begins with Genesis 2:18 † The Lord God said, â€Å"It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him.† It can say that loneliness is not good for the man so that God created a helper for the man, and the helper was Eve. The word of the man refers to Adam. Suitable partner that is in the verse can be defined as a fitting partner for a man. Being partner is also relative to marriage. Afterwards, Eve's creation is mentioned in Genesis 2:21-22 † So the Lord God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep; and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man's ribs and then closed up the place with flesh. Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man, and he brought her to the man.† According to David Guzik, who is a pastor, God used Adam's own body to create Eve to forever remind him of their essential oneness. Eve and Adam made from same substance. They are more alike than they are different (Guzik). The creation of the human race started in Adam. In Genesis 3:16 † To the woman He said, â€Å"I will make your pains in childbearing very severe; with painful labor you will give birth to children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you.† This verse is the God's curse and punishment upon the woman. The Women were cursed with the severe pain. A woman has to be under the authority of a man, and a wife has to be under the authority of a husband. Man is to lead woman. A woman should be submissive and she must let him to rule over her. Genesis 19 is about the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. However, the man who offers his two daughters to the men to rape them instead of two angles that comes to the Sodom is ultimately dreadful. †Lot went outside to meet them and shut the door behind him. and said, â€Å"No, my friends. Don't do this wicked thing. Look, I have two daughters who have never slept with a man. Let me bring them out to you, and you can do what you like with them. But don't do anything to these men, for they have come under the protection of my roof.† (Genesis 19:6-8). The low place of women is can be seen easily in these verses, Lot is willing to prostitute his two daughters. In Exodus 21:7-11 And if a man sells his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do. If she please not her master who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed. To sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. And if he has betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. If he takes for himself another wife, her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage shall he not diminish. And if he does not do these three unto her, then shall she go out free, without money. During the ancient times, slavery was very common for both man and woman. However, when other male servants had right to walk out, female servants had no right to. As in the Cambridge Bible for Schools and the Collages book states that the reason for the different treatment of female slaves is to be found in the fact that a female slave was as a rule her master's concubine (Perowne). These verses refer that it was alright to trade women and female slaves, and undesirable female slaves can be released without money. In addition to that, polygamy was allowed.The distinction between having a male child and female child and it is consequences can be seen in Leviticus 12:1-5: Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, â€Å"Speak to the children of Israel, saying: ‘If a woman has conceived, and borne a male child, then she shall be unclean seven days; as in the days of her customary impurity she shall be unclean. And on the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised. She shall then continue in the blood of her purification thirty-three days. She shall not touch any hallowed thing, nor come into the sanctuary until the days of her purification are fulfilled. But if she bears a female child, then she shall be unclean two weeks, as in her customary impurity, and she shall continue in the blood of her purification sixty-six days. † These verses are about the ritual impurity after the child-bringing. After a male child comes into the world and circumcised on the eighth day, the woman will be unclean until the eighth day. As David Guzik's commentary on the main understanding of this ceremony is to understand the idea of original sin. Every birth another sinner was brought into the world, and the woman was here symbolically responsible for bringing a new sinner into the world. (Guzik). Moreover, as it seen the period of impurities is increased when having a female child, and the reason for this can be a female child will also give birth a sinner in the future. Leviticus 21:9 states that † And the daughter of any priest, if she profanes herself by playing the whore, she profanity her father: she shall be burnt with fire.† Since the daughter of a priest represents the religion she needs to be careful about her behaviors and she has the responsibility of being a daughter of a priest. Therefore, they need to follow the religion accordingly. However, this verse states that if she dishonors of herself the consequences would be punished fiercely with burning. It is a massive punishment. It needs to emphasize that Why only the daughters of a priest are responsible to follow the religion properly and they are punished when they dishonor themselves but no sons? The sons of a priest are not even mentioned. The way the widows and divorced women were perceived in the Old Testament was not that positive. To give an example, in Ezekiel 44:22 † They must not marry widows or divorced women; they may marry only virgins of Israelite descent or widows of priests.† It is obvious that the priests were not allowed to marry a divorced woman or widows except a priest's divorced wife. Discrimination against divorced women and widows can be observed through this verse.